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如何建構知識圖譜

在本指南中,我們將介紹基於非結構化文本建構知識圖譜的基本方法。然後,建構好的圖譜可以用作 RAG 應用程式中的知識庫。

⚠️ 安全注意事項 ⚠️

建構知識圖譜需要執行對資料庫的寫入權限。這樣做存在固有的風險。請確保在匯入資料之前驗證和確認資料。有關一般安全最佳實務的更多資訊,請參閱此處

架構

從文本建構知識圖譜的高階步驟如下

  1. 從文本中提取結構化資訊:模型用於從文本中提取結構化圖譜資訊。
  2. 儲存到圖形資料庫:將提取的結構化圖譜資訊儲存到圖形資料庫中,可支援下游 RAG 應用程式

設定

首先,取得所需的套件並設定環境變數。在本範例中,我們將使用 Neo4j 圖形資料庫。

%pip install --upgrade --quiet  langchain langchain-neo4j langchain-openai langchain-experimental neo4j

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 24.0 -> 24.3.1
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.

在本指南中,我們預設使用 OpenAI 模型。

import getpass
import os

os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()

# Uncomment the below to use LangSmith. Not required.
# os.environ["LANGSMITH_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()
# os.environ["LANGSMITH_TRACING"] = "true"
 ········

接下來,我們需要定義 Neo4j 憑證和連線。請依照這些安裝步驟設定 Neo4j 資料庫。

import os

from langchain_neo4j import Neo4jGraph

os.environ["NEO4J_URI"] = "bolt://127.0.0.1:7687"
os.environ["NEO4J_USERNAME"] = "neo4j"
os.environ["NEO4J_PASSWORD"] = "password"

graph = Neo4jGraph(refresh_schema=False)
API 參考:Neo4jGraph

LLM 圖譜轉換器

從文本中提取圖譜資料可以將非結構化資訊轉換為結構化格式,從而更深入地了解複雜的關係和模式,並更有效地導航。LLMGraphTransformer 透過利用 LLM 解析和分類實體及其關係,將文檔轉換為結構化圖譜文檔。LLM 模型的選擇顯著影響輸出,決定了提取的圖譜資料的準確性和細微差別。

import os

from langchain_experimental.graph_transformers import LLMGraphTransformer
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model_name="gpt-4-turbo")

llm_transformer = LLMGraphTransformer(llm=llm)

現在我們可以傳入範例文本並檢查結果。

from langchain_core.documents import Document

text = """
Marie Curie, born in 1867, was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win a Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two scientific fields.
Her husband, Pierre Curie, was a co-winner of her first Nobel Prize, making them the first-ever married couple to win the Nobel Prize and launching the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes.
She was, in 1906, the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.
"""
documents = [Document(page_content=text)]
graph_documents = llm_transformer.convert_to_graph_documents(documents)
print(f"Nodes:{graph_documents[0].nodes}")
print(f"Relationships:{graph_documents[0].relationships}")
API 參考:Document
Nodes:[Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), Node(id='Pierre Curie', type='Person', properties={}), Node(id='University Of Paris', type='Organization', properties={})]
Relationships:[Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='Pierre Curie', type='Person', properties={}), type='MARRIED', properties={}), Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='University Of Paris', type='Organization', properties={}), type='PROFESSOR', properties={})]

查看以下圖像,以更好地理解產生的知識圖譜的結構。

graph_construction1.png

請注意,由於我們使用 LLM,圖譜建構過程是非確定性的。因此,每次執行您可能會得到略有不同的結果。

此外,您可以靈活地定義要提取的特定節點和關係類型,以符合您的需求。

llm_transformer_filtered = LLMGraphTransformer(
llm=llm,
allowed_nodes=["Person", "Country", "Organization"],
allowed_relationships=["NATIONALITY", "LOCATED_IN", "WORKED_AT", "SPOUSE"],
)
graph_documents_filtered = llm_transformer_filtered.convert_to_graph_documents(
documents
)
print(f"Nodes:{graph_documents_filtered[0].nodes}")
print(f"Relationships:{graph_documents_filtered[0].relationships}")
Nodes:[Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), Node(id='Pierre Curie', type='Person', properties={}), Node(id='University Of Paris', type='Organization', properties={})]
Relationships:[Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='Pierre Curie', type='Person', properties={}), type='SPOUSE', properties={}), Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='University Of Paris', type='Organization', properties={}), type='WORKED_AT', properties={})]

為了更精確地定義圖譜架構,請考慮對關係使用三元組方法。在這種方法中,每個元組由三個元素組成:來源節點、關係類型和目標節點。

allowed_relationships = [
("Person", "SPOUSE", "Person"),
("Person", "NATIONALITY", "Country"),
("Person", "WORKED_AT", "Organization"),
]

llm_transformer_tuple = LLMGraphTransformer(
llm=llm,
allowed_nodes=["Person", "Country", "Organization"],
allowed_relationships=allowed_relationships,
)
graph_documents_filtered = llm_transformer_tuple.convert_to_graph_documents(documents)
print(f"Nodes:{graph_documents_filtered[0].nodes}")
print(f"Relationships:{graph_documents_filtered[0].relationships}")
Nodes:[Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), Node(id='Pierre Curie', type='Person', properties={}), Node(id='University Of Paris', type='Organization', properties={})]
Relationships:[Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='Pierre Curie', type='Person', properties={}), type='SPOUSE', properties={}), Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='University Of Paris', type='Organization', properties={}), type='WORKED_AT', properties={})]

為了更好地理解產生的圖譜,我們可以再次將其視覺化。

graph_construction2.png

node_properties 參數可以提取節點屬性,從而建立更詳細的圖譜。當設定為 True 時,LLM 會自動識別和提取相關的節點屬性。相反地,如果 node_properties 定義為字串列表,則 LLM 只會從文本中選擇性地檢索指定的屬性。

llm_transformer_props = LLMGraphTransformer(
llm=llm,
allowed_nodes=["Person", "Country", "Organization"],
allowed_relationships=["NATIONALITY", "LOCATED_IN", "WORKED_AT", "SPOUSE"],
node_properties=["born_year"],
)
graph_documents_props = llm_transformer_props.convert_to_graph_documents(documents)
print(f"Nodes:{graph_documents_props[0].nodes}")
print(f"Relationships:{graph_documents_props[0].relationships}")
Nodes:[Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={'born_year': '1867'}), Node(id='Pierre Curie', type='Person', properties={}), Node(id='University Of Paris', type='Organization', properties={}), Node(id='Poland', type='Country', properties={}), Node(id='France', type='Country', properties={})]
Relationships:[Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='Poland', type='Country', properties={}), type='NATIONALITY', properties={}), Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='France', type='Country', properties={}), type='NATIONALITY', properties={}), Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='Pierre Curie', type='Person', properties={}), type='SPOUSE', properties={}), Relationship(source=Node(id='Marie Curie', type='Person', properties={}), target=Node(id='University Of Paris', type='Organization', properties={}), type='WORKED_AT', properties={})]

儲存到圖形資料庫

可以使用 add_graph_documents 方法將產生的圖譜文檔儲存到圖形資料庫中。

graph.add_graph_documents(graph_documents_props)

大多數圖形資料庫都支援索引,以最佳化資料匯入和檢索。由於我們可能事先不知道所有節點標籤,因此我們可以透過使用 baseEntityLabel 參數為每個節點新增輔助基本標籤來處理此問題。

graph.add_graph_documents(graph_documents, baseEntityLabel=True)

結果將如下所示

graph_construction3.png

最後一個選項是也匯入提取的節點和關係的來源文檔。這種方法讓我們可以追蹤每個實體出現在哪些文檔中。

graph.add_graph_documents(graph_documents, include_source=True)

圖譜將具有以下結構

graph_construction4.png

在此視覺化中,來源文檔以藍色突出顯示,從其中提取的所有實體都透過 MENTIONS 關係連接。


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